I apologize is this question is dumb, but I was just thinking about that. The Empire was approved by the senate. Where as The First Order seems to be an organization hoping to bring what the Empire was back. So where does their funding and political support come from?. I doubt after having a taste of what the Empire can do, there wouldn't be many in favor of another dictatorship.
The Empire was exploring the Unknown Regions and apparently a large exodus of Imperials and their families(mainly military) fled there. The Galactic Empire surrender to the New Republic and signed and armistice agreement. Hux is a son of a military academy teacher and most Hux's experience in theoretical, he's green. The First Order appears very young which explains why most of its officers and troopers are quite young. The Senate of the New Republic appears to be corrupt again, so its very likely there is Imperial sympathizers and somehow money is being funneled to the, Blas-tech split up because of the arms agreement, and created a subsidiary that creates weapons for the First Order on the down low or something like that. So it still seems Corporations are obviously aiding them and building their weapons and vehicles. Snoke I imagine must have some pull and enormous resources like Sidious did to build and maintain such a large military machine. The First Order is still considerably smaller than the Empire, but they have better training and equipment because of it. The New Republic fleet has the largest military force in the galaxy, but its still a fraction of what it had during the Clone Wars.
The First Order was a galaxy-scale energy company. The Starkiller was a big solar collector/battery. When they weren't killing star systems, they sold them extra power. Of course, that business model is dead.
By the tears of orphans snatched from the arms of their dead parents and the blood from the veins of hard working galactic citizens. (ie: illegal taxation and slavery)
i wouldn't be surprised if the First Order is probably funded by means similar to the real-world ISIL - some hostages for ransom, perhaps selling commodities on the black market, etc. The First Order probably keeps expenses low with cheap or slave labor as well.
From a timeline perspective it was set up straight from the ashes of the old republic, Finn states that they (Stormtroopers) were taken as infants, given that he's early 20's The First Order must be at least 20 years old. Then allow for the time to set up their infrastructure and hierarchy probably another 5-10 years. As for funding, I should imagine several wealthy benefactors will be pumping funds in, alongside some dubious taxation and black market activity.
I wonder how big is the First Order is, how many planets does it control, how many of those planets are former members of the Old Republic and the Empire, and how many used to be part of Wild Space or the Unknown Regions. They probably keep the population of many of those planets enslaved, taking a percentage of their children to be trained as stormtroopers, and using the rest as slave workforce to build their weapons and starships. I also wonder if the First Order will be able to quickly seize a large chunk of the Galaxy now that the Republic is no more, or they will have to expand slowly, fighting for every star system.
It almost makes it seem like the Victory Celebrating the "Fall of the Empire" at the end of ROTJ is non-canon. You'd think the galaxy would realize they were duped with Sidious creating the Empire for more stability and make sure they would all work together to bring to age of the republic back into formation.
Its not a dumb question in any way. It fact, with no explanation whatsoever, it almost seems laughably silly that the remnants of the empire can build something that much more powerful than the death star.
They have a treasury that, when they start running low on money, just prints more. They don't call it that, though. They call it "quantitative easing".
Presumably they control a portion of the galaxy in the unknown regions amd perhaps closer to Republic space.
ROFLOL... Oh man, people just don't understand the scale of the Imperial Economy in the OT. The Death Stars weren't a big cost to the Imperial budget, with quintillions of beings in the Empire they could build hundreds of them without raising taxes. The First Order's Starkiller base is no more expensive then say the Kuat Drive Yards orbital construction facilities or any of the other mega-structures scattered around the galaxy. It's easily within their grasp with simple taxes, and probably easy to hide within the budget somewhere (if it was published in any way).
One would think they have a massive infrastructure in the Unknown Regions since they spent the last 30 years exploring and colonizing it.