First off, I would like to say that several sources indicate that Darth Sidious did in fact learn everything his Master, Darth Plagueis, knew about midichlorian manipulation. Of course Palpatine claims this himself in Revenge of The Sith, but refutes it to cede Vader into carrying out the task at hand rather than requesting to be taught the technique immediately. One of the main points in corrupting Anakin was teaching him how to prevent death using the Dark Side. A method Palpatine used himself to sustain Vader after having his limbs severed and most of his body burned on Mustafar until he could be operated on in becoming the cybernetic Darth Vader. However, we never see Sidious influence midichlorians to create life as his Master did, or do we? In Queen of The Empire we learn of Triclops, a mutant eerily similar to Darth Millennial, whom was apparently conceived by Palpatine in the same way that his Master conceived Anakin Skywalker. Therefore, without a shadow of a doubt Palpatine knew his as much as his master, but refused to use it to create a threat such as Anakin Skywalker. Triclops was simply a tool Palpatine used to envision technological terrors in which Palpatine would later construct; take the Death Stars, the Galaxy Gun and the World Devastators for example.
Where has it been confirmed that Palpatine kept Vader alive? There is a quite a bit of evidence to suggest that Vader did it himself. Furthermore, Palpatine seems surprised and releaved when he sees that Vader is still alive.
I would assume that whatever Palpatine did or did not do to keep Vader alive, it was after that point.